مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 11 (پیاپی 152، بهمن 1395)

The important element in evaluation of the operation of residents is their attitude and behavior. The best way for evaluation of attitude and behavior is questioning people in their work environment who are constantly in relation with residents. Therefore, this evaluation form helps to educate seniors to recognize problematic residents from the good ones. 360 degree or multi reference evaluations is a evaluation where, an index of personal, behavioral and operative expected scales is predicated and all related people with person in organization, including superior, colleagues, subordinates and costumers are asked to evaluate the person based on a specified scales. Usage range includes evaluation of behavioral habits and individual and group interactions. The goal of the study is to reflect strengths and weaknesses of residents, with the arising conception and their overviews.
Evaluation was held with existed standard questionnaire for all assistants in Hazrat Rasoul hospital. Ten questionnaires were considered for each resident (3 of them were filled by professors, 2 by residents and from the remaining 5 questionnaires, 2 of them by patients and 3 by nurses). All this information was summed up in the final form and after calculation average grade was given for each group. The average grade for each resident was calculated and the result was announced to him/her in private meeting.
Overall 326 residents were evaluated and from them 149 cases (7.45%) were men and 177 cases (3.54%) were women. Average age was between 29.5±70.32 years. 151 cases (3.46%) were married and the rest were single. From educated perspective 110 cases (7.33%) were studying in first year, 84 case (8.25%) in second year, 68 case (9.20%) third year and 64 case (6.19%) in forth year. Answers, after scoring, were added to SPSS software version 17 and with descriptive statistics and related test like T-TEST and ANOVAs, etc. were analyzed.
In evaluating the average score of residents in different years we concluded that average of all scores from professors, nurses, patients and residents and total score of residents from third year onward is higher from the rest of the residents and the lowest grade in all cases was for first year residents. In terms of grade, third year residents had highest grade and first year assistants had lowest grade. Overall the best grade was for orthopedics unit and weakest grade was for internal unit.

Over 80% of the world population depends on herbal medicines and products for healthy living, and also, around 80% of all pharmaceutical materials are derived directly or indirectly from plant sources. So, there is increasing general acceptability of the use of medicinal plants in today’s medical sciences researches. Plants are valuable for modern medicine in four basic ways; they are used as a source of direct therapeutic agents, as a raw material for semi synthetic chemical compounds, as models for new synthetic compounds and finally medicinal plants can be used as taxonomic markers for the discovery of new compounds.
Herbal extracts are not a simple task since many factors influence the biological efficacy and reproducible results. Standardized herbal extracts of consistent quality and containing well-defined constituents are required to provide reliable and consistent clinical effects. Herbal drug technology is used for converting botanicals materials into medicines, where standardization and quality control with proper integration of modern scientific techniques and traditional knowledge is important.
Quality control and standardization of herbal medicines involve several steps. The source and quality of raw materials play essential role in guaranteeing the quality and stability of herbal preparations.
Standardization is a process of evaluating the quality and purity of medicinal plants and their extracts by various parameters like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological specifications.
The researches, however, suffer from lack of standardization parameters and proper documentation based on scientific screening procedures.
In this present study, an attempt has been made to give an overview of necessity of standardization of extract of medicinal plants in the investigations and the manner to perform it.
Keywords: Standardization, Quality control, Herbal extracts, Medicinal plants, Evaluation of extracts

Lipid disorders are the considerable cause and main reason for development of cardiovascular and atherosclerotic disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ginger has the anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effect. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Ginger powder on lipid profile in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 72 rheumatoid arthritis referred to rheumatologic clinic of Urmia Emam Khomeini Hospital. Patients were divided randomly into 2 groups, intervention group (receiving ginger tablet 1.5 gr/day) and placebo group (placebo tablet 1.5 gr/day) for 8 weeks. Lipid profile before and after intervention was compared within groups using paired t-test and the mean differences using independent t-test between two groups.
At the end of the intervention period, 67 (93.06%) of patients were analyzed. The study showed that in the ginger group, mean of LDL-C decreased after intervention (104.22±20.60) in comparison to before (115.19±24.86) and mean of HDL-C increased (50.21±10.16 at before and 55.27±10.19 after the intervention) significantly (p Current study showed that ginger powder compared to placebo has the ability to modify lipid profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

In recent years, the prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and exercise is a powerful stimulus for decreasing obesity. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on visceral and subcutaneous levels of Monocyte Chemo-attractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) in Wistar male Rats.
Twenty male rats (8 week years old) were randomly divided into two training and control groups. Training program performed in 5 weeks, and 5 sessions per each week. Rats completed 6 high-intensity intervals bouts with 2 minutes duration and 37 m/m in first week, between each bouts rats resting for one minute. During second week intervals bouts increased to 7 and speed increased until 40 m/m, in third week training protocol was performed with 43 m/m speed in 9 bouts, 10 intervals bouts with 49 m/m were completed during forth week, and finally week 12 intervals bouts with 52 m/m were completed. Blood sample collection and remove of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue was performed 72 hours after the last session. Independent T-test (α≤ 0.05) was used to data analyze.
The results indicated significant decrease in insulin and visceral and subcutaneous levels of MCP-1 in training group compare to control group (p0.05).
The results of present study showed that HIIT caused decrease in visceral and subcutaneous levels of MCP-1, therefore this type of exercise trainings are able to decrease adipose tissue and probably obesity related diseases.

Today with increasing use of antibiotics and prevalence of resistant strains, there is need for antimicrobial drugs that have fewer side effects than the present antibiotics. Satureja hortensis is a medicinal plant which has many uses in traditional medicine. In this study, antimicrobial effect of extracts Satureja hortensis biofilm on some important human bacterial pathogens was studied.
In this in vitro study Satureja hortensis was used to evaluate its antimicrobial effects. Extract Satureja hortensis with concentrations of 50, 25 and 12/5 ppm were prepared and antibacterial activities were evaluated by well diffusion method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Proteus mirabilis. Minimum inhibitory concentration and maximum inhibitory concentration test was determined by microtitre plate. Satureja hortensis extracts were also prepared by Maceration method.
The levels of MIC ranged from 12.5 to 50ppm. The highest MIC value observed against Staphylococcus aureus and lowest MIC value of Satureja extract concentration in 12.5ppm that against P. mirabilis. In addition, the results of this study showed that the rate of absorption (OD) for biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus in concentrations 50ppm Satureja extract was zero value.
Results of this study suggest that the extract of Satureja hortensis can be useful in treatment of bacterial infections.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Iran. We need a suitable clinical guideline to prevent and control CVD.
We selected final guideline in 4 steps and started with searching electronic resources, related webs and data banks. After initial assessment, we applied Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE) appraisal instrument to appraise selected guidelines. Finally adaptation process of guideline finished with extraction of main questions and recommendations.
Recommendations are provided in 2 parts: life style management and clinical-therapeutic guides for hyperlipidemia and hypertension. People are advised to have moderate to severe aerobic physical activities 3-4 times weekly for 40 minutes per session. For primary prevention, non- diabetic people with LDL-C ranges 170-189 mg/dl, should consume statins. Also we advised them to estimate cardio vascular 10 years risks with their health providers.
Dietary patterns reduce blood pressure independently in comparison with low diet sodium and weight reduction. We must encourage people to adjust recommended dietary plans with their cultural and personal preferences.

Angiogenesis is a complex, active phenomenon, which plays a significant role in physiologic and pathologic processes. Silymarins are combination of flavonoids that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In the current research, the effects of silver nanoparticles coated with silymarin on the angiogenesis of the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken fetal and its antioxidant property have been explored.
Ross Fertilized Chicken eggs were distributed randomly and equally in control group, laboratory control group, and four experimental groups with different densities. In the second day of incubation, some windows were formed on the eggs and, on the eighth day, they were treated. On the twelfth day, some photographs were taken from the subjects’ chorioallantoic membranes, the number and length of the vessels were measured, using the Image J software. Also the Drabkyn test was executed to determine the level of hemoglobin and the obtained results were analyzed as significant (P The comparison between the average of the number and length of the vessels in control group and the experimental groups 2, 3, and 4 showed significant reduction. The comparison between the fetal crown-rump length and weight in control group and the experimental groups 3 and 4 showed significant reduction. Also, the average amount of hemoglobin density in the experimental group 4 showed significant reduction, in comparison to the control group. According results from antioxidant assay, the nanoparticles showed dose dependent radical inhibited activity.
In addition, the nanoparticles lead to dose dependent reduction in angiogenesis and increase the removal of free radicals.

Male sexual disorder includes hypoactive sexual desire disorder, male erectile disorder, premature ejaculation and male orgasmic disorder. Premature ejaculation is the most common problem. Premature ejaculation could have an effect on the various aspects of the quality of life including emotional happiness, interpersonal relationship, and social behavior. One of the important aspects of premature ejaculation is definition of this problem and explanation to the individuals. Currently, various treatments are available for premature ejaculation consistent with psychological/behavioral management and pharmacotherapy. Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) especially dapoxitin, are first-line pharmacotherapy; however tramadol might be used for unresponsive premature ejaculation. New therapeutic approaches are being researched including modafinil, botulinum toxin, acupuncture and circumcision.

Microarray technology is a powerful tool to study and analyze the behavior of thousands of genes simultaneously. Images of microarray have an important role in the detection and treatment of diseases. The aim of this study is to provide an automatic method for the extraction and analysis of microarray images to detect cancerous diseases.
The proposed system consists of three main phases of image processing, data mining, and detection of disease. The image processing phase is accompanied with some operations such as identifying the location of genes, deleting the background, and extracting the raw data from the images. The second phase includes data normalization and selection of more effective genes. The disease is identified and recognized in the third phase using the extracted data.
In this study it has been used from breast cancer microarray images from Stanford University database. The accuracy of the proposed method to locate genes and diagnosis of breast cancer is up to 98 and 95.45%, respectively.
The obtained results indicate that the proposed method is more accurate than other existing methods in microarray analysis. In addition, the proposed method is easily implemented and less costly compared to the clinical tests.

One of the most important bilirubin nervous receptors is N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA). Some parents believe that the aqueous solution of sugar reduces the bilirubin serum level in newborns. In this work, the relationship between newborns jaundice and the levels of serum calcium and blood sugar was investigated.
This descriptive analytical study was performed on 102 icteric newborns above 2500 gram weight and without any basic disease hospitalized for six month. Bilirubin, calcium and blood sugar determinations were performed with spectrophotometer and benmary devices, diazo solutions A and B, methanol, dyed solution, calcium standard, addition glucose indicator and standard. Results were analyzed with SPSS software.
55.9% newborns were boys and 44.1% were girls. There was significant relationship between calcium and indirect bilirubin (p0.1, r=‑0.048) in 90% confidence level. Also, there was no significant relationship between gender and blood sugar (p> 0.1, r= -0.039) and calcium (p> 0.1, r= 0.030) in 90% confidence level.
Increase in bilirubin, increases total calcium serum level and relationship between blood sugar and bilirubin was not meaningful